COVID-19

Long-Haul Symptoms

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Introduction

• This webpage contains information I have collected about the "long haul" effects of COVID-19

• I am interested in the subject because of the following:
  • I have a Master's Degree in Chemistry, and can understand medical/research journals
  • My COVID-19 history
    • Took the J&J vaccine in March
    • Contracted the Alpha (original?) version in May, and experienced long-haul symtoms
    • Contracted the Delta version in early fall
    • Took the J&J booster in December
    • Contracted the Omicron version in January
  • I have a personal interest in "curing" my long-haul symptoms

• This webpage should NOT be considered medical advice; it is just a collection of information

• First, I will give you some basic information about some interesting chemicals
  and symptoms, then I will relate them to long-haul COVID

Top of Page

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

• ATP is the "universal" energy molecule in the body.

• Adenosine Triphosphate @ wikipedia.org (01/22)
  • ATP provides energy to drive many processes in living cells
  • ATP is found in all known forms of life
  • ATP is the "molecular unit of currency" in intracellular energy transfer
  • Chemical processes regenerate ATP so that the human body recycles
    ITS OWN BODY WEIGHT worth of ATP each day; this is equivalent to a
    recycling rate of 1000-1500 times during a single day
  • ATP is a precursor to DNA and RNA, and is used as a coenzyme
  • ATP is composed on a nitrogenous base (adenine), the sugar ribose, and
    the triphosphate (the ATP molecule is shown above)
  • ATP is also used in a form of signal transduction which is particularly important
    in brain function
  • ADT is one of four monomers that are required in the synthesis of RNA
  • ADT serves as a neurotransmitter in many parts of the nervous system

• Adenosine @ draxe.com (01/22)
  • Copper is essential for the synthesis of ATP

• Adenosine and Sleep @ verywellhealth.com (01/22)

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Adenosine

• Adenosine @ wikipedia.org (01/22)
  • It consists of adenine attached to a ribose molecule
  • It is one of the four building blocks of DNA and RNA
  • Caffeine acts as an antagonist for adenosine receptors in the brain;
    this is true for coffee, tea, and chocolate
  • Adenosine modulates many physiological processes
  • In times of stress or injury, adenosine helps to prevent tissue damage
  • Adenosine promotes the thickening of hair on people with thinning hair
  • The principal component of THC induces sleep by increasing adenosine levels in
    the basal forebrain

• Adenine @ wikipedia.org (01/22)
  • Adenosine is adenine reacted with ribose, as used to form RNA and ATP
  • Deoxyadenosine is adenine attached to deoxyribose, as used to form DNA
  • In older literature, adenine was sometimes called Vitamin B4
  • Two vitamins (niacin and riboflavin) bind with adenine to form essential cofactors

• Vitamin B4 - Adenine @ caasn.com (01/22)
  • It is a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, and the three coenzymes --
    NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), NADH (a reduced form of NAD) and
    FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
  • Brewer's (nutritional) yeast is the best food source of vitamin B4
  • NAD (25-75 mg/day) is usually taken on an empty stomach; sometimes it is
    combined with 200 mg of ribose

• Adenosine and Sleep @ verywellhealth.com (03/22)
  • It forms ATP and ADP, and is an neurotransmitter within the brain
  • Adenosine affects the initiation of sleep
  • It acts as a depressant and inhibits many processes associated with wakefulness
  • High levels of adenosine cause sleep
  • Caffeine blocks your brain's adenosine processing, and sleep is inhibited
  • The rate of adenosine metabolism seems to determine the quality of deep sleep

• Adenosine @ youtube.com (good lecture) (03/22)

• What is Vitamin B4 by Dr. Berg @ youtube.com (01/22)

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Citocoline

• Citocoline @ wikipedia.org (01/23)
  • Citocoline, also known as CDP-Choline
  • Is an intermediate in the generation of phsophatidylcholine from choline
  • Citicoline hydrolizes into choline and cytidine in the intestine
  • When these cross the blood-brain barrier, it is reformed into citicoline
  • Supplementation with citicoline can increase the amount of choline available
    in the brain
  • Citicoline may increase the levels of neurotransmitters
  • Citicoline may improve focus and attention
  • Citicoline lowers increased glutamate concentrations in the brain
  • Citicoline is water soluble, with more than 90% oral bioavailability
  • Clinical doses of 2000 mg/day have been observed and approved
  • Minor adverse effects are stomach pain and diarrhea

• Neuroprotective Properties of Citicoline @ nih.gov (01/23)
  • Usual daily therapeutic dosage of citicoline is 500-2,000 mg/day
  • Citicoline stimulates the synthesis and increase in brain phsopholipids
  • Citicoline is effective in certain slowly developing neurodegenerative
    diseases
  • Citicoline is much less toxic that choline

• Citicoline and COVID-19 Related Cognitive Complications @ nih.gov (01/23)

• Endothelian Barrier Dysfunction can be Ameliorated by Citicoline @ nih.gov (01/23)

• Citicoline and COVID-19: vis-a-vis conjectured @ nih.gov (01/23)

• Effects of CDP-Citicoline on Coronavirus Replication @ aspengreymd.com (01/23)

• Neuroprotective Effects of Citicoline on Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown @ nih.gov (01/23)

• How This Doctor is Managing COVID-19 At Home @ brandrew.medium.com (01/23)
  • He recommends Vit A, Vit C, Vit D, NAC, Quercetin, Selenium, Zinc and Citicoline
  • He suggests 1000 mg Citicoline twice a day
  • Citicoline will inhibit PLA2
  • COVID-19 hijacks the PLA2 of invaded cells
  • Inhibiting PLA2 impairs coronavirus replication
  • Citicoline increases the secretion of surfactant in the lungs

• A Secret Weapon Against COVID-19 @ zizania.com (01/23)

• Organichemusic @ twitter.com (01/23)

• I have COVID @ pharmd.substack.com (01/23)
  • Sleep supplements that may also reduce the severity of COVID
    • Melatonin
    • Herbal tincture (valerian, passionflower, chamomile, hops strobile, and anise)
    • Diphenhydramine (last resort for sleep; e.g., Nytol)

  • Lactoferrin
  • EGCG (antioxidant found in green tea)
  • EPA (omega-3 fatty acid)
  • Paxlovid
  • Mattokinase (safer alternative to aspirin)
  • Metformin (gets an honorable mention)
  • Metformin and berbine are similar in effect, but have different structures
  • Metformin and Berberine @ nih.gov (01/23)

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HMB (Hydroxymethylbutyrate) and L-Leucine

• HMB
  • HMB @ wikipedia.org (01/22)
    • It is a naturally produced substance that is used to promote wound healing and
      to provide support for people with muscle wasting due to cancer or HIV/AIDS
    • In healthy people, HMB will increase exercise-induced gains in muscle size,
      muscle strength, and lean body mass; it will also reduce damage from exercise
      and expedite recovery from exercise.
    • HMB supplementation helps to preserve or increase lean body mass and muscle
      strength in people exerpiencing age-related muscle loss.
    • HMB stimulates the production of proteins and inhibits the breakdown of proteins
      in muscle tissue.
    • No adverse effects from long-term use have been found.
    • HMB is sold as a dietary supplement at a cost of about US$30 50 per month
      when taking 3 grams per day.
    • HMB is also contained in several nutritional products, including certain
      formulations of Ensure, Juven, and Myoplex.
    • HMB is also present in insignificant quantities in certain foods, such as alfalfa,
      asparagus, avocados, cauliflower, grapefruit, and catfish.
    • Since only a small fraction of HMB's metabolic precursor, l-leucine, is
      metabolized into HMB, pharmacologically active concentrations of the
      compound in blood plasma and muscle can only be achieved by supplementing
      HMB directly.
    • A healthy adult produces approximately 0.3 grams per day, while supplemental
      HMB is usually taken in doses of 3 6 grams per day.
    • HMB does not appear to significantly affect fat mass in older adults.
    • HMB is eliminated via the kidneys, with roughly 10 40% of an ingested dose
      being excreted unchanged in urine.
    • HMB is synthesized in the human body through the metabolism of l-leucine,
      a branched-chain amino acid. In healthy individuals, approximately 60% of dietary
      l-leucine is metabolized after several hours, with roughly 5% (2 10% range) of
      dietary l-leucine being converted to HMB.
    • During biotin deficiency, HMB can be synthesized from MC-CoA via enoyl-CoA
      hydratase and an unknown thioesterase enzyme.
    • In healthy individuals, a minor pathway is the predominant route of HMB synthesis.
    • In the blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of healthy adults, the average
      molar concentration of HMB has been measured at 4.0 micromolar. The average
      concentration of HMB in the intramuscular fluid of healthy men of ages 21 23 has
      been measured at 7.0 micromolar.
    • In a study where participants consumed 2.42 grams of pure HMB-FA while fasting,
      the average plasma HMB concentration increased from a basal level of 5.1 micromolar
      to 408 micromolar after 30 minutes. At 150 minutes post-ingestion, the average plasma
      HMB concentration among participants was 275 micromolar.

  • HMB @ nih.gov (02/22)
    • 38 mg/(kg BM) daily of HMB has been demonstrated to enhance skeletal
      muscle hypertrophy, strength, and power
    • Two forms exist: Calcium HMB (HMB-Ca) and free-acid HMB (HMB-FA)
    • HMB will increase Lean Body Mass and functionality in elderly, sedentary populations
    • HMB is naturally produced in animals and humans from the amino acid Leucine
    • Only 5% of leucine is being converted into HMB
    • The typical dose of HMB is 3 grams per day

  • HMB @ webmd.com (01/22)

  • Vitamin D status affects strength gains in older adults @ nih.gov (01/22)

  • Long Term Effects of HMB and Vitamin D @ nih.gov (01/22)

  • HMB and Vitamin D3 Improves Muscle Function @ nutritioninsight.com (01/22)

  • Tony Horton video @ nuscledefense.com (01/22)
    • Take 3000 mg HMB and 2,000 IU D3 per day

• L-Leucine
  • Leucine @ wikipedia.org (01/22)
    • Leucine is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins
    • It is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it; it must
      be obtained from the diet
    • A tolerable upper intake for leucine in healthy adult men can be suggested
      at 500 mg/kg/d or 35 g/d under acute dietary conditions
    • In healthy individuals, approximately 60% of dietary l-leucine is metabolized
      after several hours, with roughly 5% (2 10% range) of dietary l-leucine being
      converted to HMB

Top of Page

Phosphorus

• Phosphorus @ wikipedia.org (01/22)
  • Phosphorus is a chemical element with the symbol P
  • Phosphorus is an element essential to life due to phosphate compounds
  • Phosphates are a compoenent of DNA, RNA, ATP, and phospholipids

• Phosphorus for Health Professionals @ ods.od.nih.gov (07/21)
  • Phosphorus is a component of bones, teeth, DNA, and RNA
  • Phosphorus in seeds is in the form of phytic acid, the storage form of
    phosphorus. Because human intestines lack the phytase enzyme, much
    phosphorus in this form is unavailable for absorption.
  • Phosphorus and calcium make up hydroxyapatite
  • In the United States, dairy products contribute about 20% of
    total phosphorus intake.
  • The absorption rate for the phosphorus naturally contained in food is
    40% 70%; phosphorus from animal sources has a higher absorption rate
    than that from plants.
  • In infants, phosphorus bioavailability ranges from 85% 90% for
    human milk to approximately 59% for soy-based formulas.
  • Phosphorus is available in dietary supplements. Phosphorus in
    supplements is usually in the form of phosphate salts (e.g.,
    dipotassium phosphate or disodium phosphate) or phospholipids
    (e.g., phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylserine). Products typically
    provide 10% or less of the DV for phosphorus.
  • The bioavailability of phosphate salts is approximately 70%.
  • High phosphorus intakes rarely produce adverse effects in healthy people.
  • Antacids that contain aluminum hydroxide, such as Maalox HRF and Rulox,
    bind phosphorus in the intestines.

• Symptoms of Low Phosphorus
  • MountSinai.org (01/22)
    • Symptoms of phosphorus deficiency include loss of appetite, anxiety,
      bone pain, fragile bones, stiff joints, fatigue, irregular breathing,
      irritability, numbness, weakness, and weight change.

  • Phosphorus @ homeoint.org (01/22)
    • Symptoms related to low phosphorus
      • Mind: great lowness of spirits, easily vexed, fearfullness, easily startled,
        loss of memory, brain feels tired
      • Head: vertigo, neuralgia, brain fog, losing hair
      • Eyes: eye fatigue, edema of eyes and eye lids

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Ribose

• General Information
  • Ribose @ wikipedia.org (01/22)
    • Ribose is a simple sugar (C5-H10-O5)
    • The naturally occuring form is D-ribose which is a component of RNA
    • ATP is derived from one ribose, 3 phosphate groups, and an adenine base
    • Ribose is referred to as the "moelcular currency" because it is involved in
      intracellular energy transfers
    • D-ribose has been used in management of heart disease and
      chronic fatigue syndrome (also called myalgic encephalomyelitis)

  • Ribose: Heart, Muscle and Energy Food @ coryholly.com (01/22)

  • D-Ribose Article @ endfatigue.com (01/22)
    • Ribose is a constituent of riboflavin (vitamin B2) which helps our cells to
      utilize oxygen

  • Four Ways to Maximum the Benefits of D-Ribose (01/2)

• D-Ribose & Alzheimer's Disease
  • D-Ribose and Alzheimer's (01/22)

• D-Ribose & Leg Cramps
  • The Cramp Paradox @ torqusa.com (02/22)
    • Could be caused by low calcium concentrations in the muscles
  • Other websites suggest low magnesium is to blame

• D-Ribose & Long-Haul COVID
  • A Possible Approach to Long-Haulers @ nih.gov (02/22)
    • Mitoquinol mesylate (MitoQ)
      • MitoQ @ mitoq.com (02/22)

• D-Ribose & Heart Disease
  • D-Ribose: Energize Your Heart, Save Your Life @ lef.org (01/22)

• D-Ribose & Fibromyalgia
  • D-Ribose @ globalsweet.com
    • Ribose is a naturally occurring sugar that helps to generate and recover ATP levels
      (adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the body s primary energy carrying molecule).
    • ATP keeps your heart beating, muscles contracting and cells functioning. High levels
      of cellular energy are required to keep tissues running at peak performance.
    • Reports have also shown that Ribose can lower blood sugar levels.
    • There is no known reason for people developing Fibromyalgia. However we do know that
      people who have this condition also have low ATP levels and a reduced capacity to produce
      ATP in their muscles. Ribose fuels ATP synthesis which reduces muscle pain and enhances
      the quality of life for those suffering with fibromyalgia and/or chronic fatigue.

  • DoctorMyhill.co.uk (01/22)
    • D-Ribose @ DoctorMyhill.co.uk (01/22)
    • CFS is Low Output Heart Failure Secondary to Mitochondrial Failure - updated June 2008
      and January 2009 (01/22)

  • D-Ribose Improves Pain and Quality of Life @ medicalnewstoday.com (01/19)

  • D-Ribose Benefits Restless Legs Syndrome (01/19)

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Alpha Version of COVID (Original Version)

• Symptoms of COVID
  • Standard list
    • Fever or chills
    • Cough
    • Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
    • Fatigue
    • Muscle or body aches
    • Headache, vertigo
    • New loss of taste or smell <==
    • Sore throat
    • Congestion or runny nose
    • Nausea or vomiting
    • Diarrhea

  • Symptoms of Long COVID @ www.who.int (01/22)
    • Shortness of breath
    • Cognitive dysfunction, which people call brain fog
    • Fatigue
    • Anxiety or depression
    • Muscle aches <==
    • Fever
    • Loss of smell, loss of taste <==

• Phosphorus and COVID-19
  • Low Serum Calcium and Phosphorus in Detecting COVID-19 Patients @ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (07/21)
    • Low calcium and low phosphorus are more prevalent in severe or critical
      COVID-19 patients than moderate COVID-19 patients
    • Calcium and phosphorus combined with lymphocyte count could obtain the best
      discriminative performance for the severe COVID-19 patients

  • SARS-CoV-2: Influence of Phosphate and Magnesium @ journals.physiology.org (07/21)
    • SARS-CoV-2 may induce a cytokine storm that drains ATP whose regeneration
      requires phosphate and Mg
    • Symptoms observed in severe COVID-19 also fit well with those seen in classical
      hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia
    • "We, thus, argue that patients with COVID-19 should be monitored and treated
      for phosphate and Mg deficiencies, ideally already in the early phases of infection."
    • PDF Version of the Article (07/21)
      • Chloroquine is typically supplied as a phosphate salt (12% P), and can
        supply 10%-20% of the recommended dietary intake for phosphate.

  • I had almost no sense of taste or smell after my original bout with COVID.
    When I started taking Phosphorus supplements, my taste and smell returned; I also
    had more energy and felt MUCH better.

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Omicron

• Symptoms of Omicron
  • Top 5 Symptoms of Omicron @ gavi.org (01/22)
    • Runny nose
    • Sore throat and/or cough
    • Lower back pain and myalgia
    • Fatigue and tiredness

  • Back-breaking Pain after Omicron Recovery @ livemint.com (01/22)

  • One Omicron Symptom that Distinguishes it from the Common Cold @ india.com (01/22)
    • Feeling nauseous as the early stages of infection
    • Along with feeling nauseous comes lower back pain
    • Lower-back pain is one of the most common symptoms; it can be seen in
      double-vaccinated people and people who have taken a booster shot.

• I had mild symptoms, but developed back-breaking pain. When I started taking
  D-Ribose powder (along with the PHOS-NaK), my pain levels dropped considerably.

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Current COVID Variant

• Kraken (Jan 2023)
  • What's Kraken, the new XBB.1.5 COVID Variant @ nebraskamed.com (Jan 2023) (01/24)
    • The kraken variant is a descendent of the XBB variant, nicknamed gryphon
    • Gryphon caused large outbreaks in Asia this past fall
    • It was the first documented example of a SARS-CoV-2 variant that evolved
      from two viruses combining genetic information
    • Regions of the United States affected early by kraken are experiencing a
      dramatic acceleration of hospital admissions
    • In persons aged 70 and above, rates are like those seen with the original
      COVID-19 virus and the omicron variant
    • The kraken variant appears to be more resistant to antibodies induced by
      prior infection and vaccines than previous variants

• Current COVID Variant (Jan 2024)
  • What COVID 19 Variants Are Going Around @ nebraskamed.com (01/24)
    • As of December 2023, transmission is considered uncontrolled
    • Dominant variant nationwide is HV.1 (29.6%), followed by JN.1 (21.4%), and
      EG.5 (8.8%)
    • Subvariants of Omicron are EG.5, XBB1.16.6, and XBB.1.16.11

  • COIVD 19 Updates @ unmc.edu (01/24)
    • Updates on JN.1 Variant, Influenze, and RSV @ unmc.edu (01/24)
      • JN.1 appears to be doubling every two weeks

    • JN.1 COVID Variant @ echo360.org (01/24)

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Long-Haul COVID

• Comments from real people
  • Life as a Long Hauler @ technologynetworks.com (05/23)

  • Heidi Moore @ twitter.com (05/23)

  • Dan Schwartz @ twitter.com (05/23)

• Pathological Sequelae of Long-Haul COVID
  • Pathological Sequelae of Long-Haul COVID @ nature.com (08/22)
    • Persistent, prolonged and often debilitating sequelae are increasingly recognized
      in convalescent individuals, named "long-haul COVID"
    • Long-haul COVID is similar to the post-SARS and post-MERS syndromes
    • Depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are reported in
      patients with post-COVID syndrome
    • Gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain,
      are reported in 15 50% of patients
    • Patients with long COVID report aloss of appetite, abdominal pain, nausea, weight loss,
      altered bowel motility patterns and new or exacerbated irritable bowel syndrome
    • Patients who recovered from COVID-19 also showed significantly higher fasting insulin
      levels, resulting in persistent glycemic abnormalities in 35% of 551 patients for at least
      2 months after COVID-19
    • Up to 20% of patients may complain of persistent hair loss
    • Reports of improved clinical symptoms on administration of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in
      patients with post-COVID syndrome have led to suggestions of a viral reservoir in patients
      with post-COVID syndrome
    • SARS-CoV-2 can potentially persist in specific tissues in a manner that would be
      consistent with the persistence of other nonretroviral RNA viruses

• Reactivations or Reinfections
  • Understanding the Outcomes of COVID-19 @ microbiologyresearch.org (05/22)
    • There is evidence for highly prolonged shedding of COVID-19 in respiratory and faecal
      samples, periodic recurrence of PCR positivity, and instances of reinfection associated
      with a lack of protective immunity
    • Prolonged shedding occurs irrespective of disease severity or development of
      virus-nuetralizing antibodies
    • COVID-19 shares characteristics with other RNA viruses such as hepatitis C; these
      are capable of long-term persistence
    • Initially it was found that COVID-19 shedding occurred for about 17-18 days,
      with 20 days for severe cases.
    • Immunocompetent subject remained PCR-positive for longer than 50 days, and in some
      cases were shedding virus for up to 104 days.
    • There is a frequent reactivation of virus shedding post-COVID-19.
    • Several studies document frequent reactivation after 50 days or longer.
    • Prolonged, reactivations or reinfections all occurred irrespective of the presense
      of neutralizing antibody to COVID-19.
    • The occurrence of prolonged infections was unrelated to the severity of COVID-19.
    • Reinfections iwth COVID-19 can be as pathogenic and prolonged as primary infections.
    • There is evidence for widespread systemic infection in the GI tract, heart, kidneys,
      and central nervous system.
    • A recent study had documented the presense of COVID-19 RNA in the olfactory
      neuroepitheium in patients 110-196 days after COVID-19. These subjects reported
      persistent or intermittent loss of smeel and taste dysfunctions.
    • A large number of coronaviruses are able to establish long-term infections in
      birds, bats, rodments, and domestic and companion animals.
    • A study of human seasonal coronaviruses have found diagnosed virus after 30-40;
      this indicates persistence or reactivation.

  • Reactivation of SARS-CoV-2 Infections Follow Recovery from COVID-19 @ sciencedirect.com (05/22)
    • Of the 109 patients, 27% experienced reactivation, and 24% of these were symptomatic

  • Antibodies Mimicking the Virus May Explain Long Haul COVID-19, Rare Vaccine Side Effects @ health.ucdavid.edu (05/22)
    • Approximately one in four COVID-19 patients have lingering symptoms, even after
      recovering from the virus

  • COVID-19 May Hide in Brains and Cause Relapses @ webmd.com (02/22)
    • The coronavirus may remain in people s brains after infection and trigger relapses
      in patients who thought they had recovered
    • Neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2 in Mice @ mdpi.com (02/22)
      • Onset of severe disease in infected mice correlated with peak viral levels
        in the brain

  • A Reinfection Red Flag @ erictopol.substack.com (08/22)

• Post-COVID Webinar Series
  • I: Overview @ youtube.com (01/22)

  • II: Post-COVID Symtoms & the Cardiovascular System @ youtube.com (01/22)

  • III: Neurologic Complications with Post-COVID Syndrome @ youtube.com (01/22)

  • IV: Pulmonary Complications with Post-COVID Syndrome @ youtube.com (01/22)

  • V: Hair Loss and Hives @ youtube.com (01/22)
    • Up to 20% of patients have skin findings related to COVID
    • Hives are raised, pale or skin-colored skin swelling, usually associated with redness
    • Lesions come and go and move around
    • COVID causes hair loss (hair shedding) (Telogen effluvium)

  • VI: What Happened to My Sense of Smell? @ youtube.com (01/22)

  • VII: Brain Fog, Insomnia, and Stress @ youtube.com (01/22)

  • VIII: Did COVID Kick You in the Gut? @ youtube.com (01/22)

  • IX: Post-COVID Syndrome & Your Primary Care Doctor @ youtube.com (01/22)

• Covid-19 Long-Haul Symptoms May be Caused by Changes in Genes @ healthline.com (02/22)
  • Spike proteins on the novel coronavirus may alter gene expressions after they
    infect healthy cells
  • Novel coronavirus can cause long-term gene expression changes in otherwise
    healthy cells
  • SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus

• Long COVID Looks a Lot Like Chronic Fatigue @ hopkinsmedicine.org (02/22)

• Some Light on Long COVID @ erictopol.substack.com (08/22)
  • Levels of cortisol were "uniformly low" among the people with Long Covid
  • Long Covid individuals have a hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) dysfunction
  • Low cortisol has been noted previously with chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)
  • COVID-19 and the Pituitary @ nih.gov (08/22)
  • Is There a Role for the Adrenal Glands in Long COVID @ nature.com (08/22)
  • HPA Axis Dysfunction/Adrenal Fatigue @ mypuremd.com (08/22)

• Long COVID @ harvardmagazine.com (08/22)

• Could Low Vitamin D Influence Long-COVID Risk? @ neurosciencenews.com (05/23)

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Allergies

• Food Allergies
  • Post COVID Food Allergies @ covidcaregroup.org (10/23)
    • Many people with Long COVID are finding that they have new food allergies
      and sensitivities that bring on a lot of obvious allergy symptoms through
      mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS)
    • There is also the brain-gut connection causing vagus nerve inflammation
      and that ties into depression and anxiety
    • Mayo Clinic lists these anaphylaxis symptoms
      • WHOLE BODY: fainting, lightheadedness, low blood pressure, dizziness, or flushing
      • RESPIRATORY: difficulty breathing, rapid breathing, shortness of breath, or wheezing
      • SKIN: hives, swelling under the skin, blue skin from poor circulation, or rashes
      • GASTROINTESTINAL: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
      • ALSO COMMON: tachycardia, fast heart rate, feeling of impending doom, itching,
        tongue swelling, difficulty swallowing, facial swelling, mental confusion,
        nasal congestion, or impaired voice
    • COVID is known to trigger MCAS and histamine over production in Long COVID
    • Many experience new food allergies and sensitivities as a result, wheat and
      gluten being the most common manifestations

  • Developing Food Alleriges after Recent COVID @ reddit.com (10/23)

  • Food Intolerance or Allergy After COVID @ reddit.com (10/23)

  • Food Allergies Post COVID @ youtube.com (10/23)

• Fragrance Allergies
  • Why are COVID-10 Long-Haulers Developing Fragrance Allergies? @ verywellhealth.com (10/23)

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Blood Sugar Abnormalities

• High Blood Sugar, Diabetes
  • Can COVID-19 Cause Diabetes? @ goodrx.com (08/22)

  • COVID 19 May Trigger Hyperglycemia by Harming Fat Cells @ news.weill.cornell.edu (08/22)
    • COVID-19, can induce hyperglycemia by disrupting fat cells' production of
      adiponectin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels
    • Doctors began finding evidence that COVID-19 is associated with hyperglycemia
      in patients who have no history of diabetes
    • Hyperglycemia in COVID-19 patients is mainly caused by insulin resistance, in which
      insulin is present, but the tissues it normally acts upon are no longer sensitive to it
    • COVID-19 ARDS patients had severe declines in blood levels of adiponectin
    • COVID-19 can infect human fat cells

  • What's the Link Between Covid and Diabetes? @ bloomberg.com (08/22)

• High Blood Sugar and Artificial Sweeteners
  • Could Artificial Sweeteners Raise Your Blood Sugar @ webmd.com (08/22)
    • Saccharin, sucralose, and aspartame raised blood sugar levels by dramatically changing
      the makeup of the gut microorganisms, mainly bacteria, that are in the intestines
    • Mice who drank artifically-sweetened water had higher blood sugar levels than mice who
      drank sugar water -- no matter what diet the animals ate
    • Mice given artificially sweetened water "were almost diabetic"
    • People who used artificial sweeteners tended to have higher fasting blood sugar levels
      and a forerunner of type 2 diabetes called impaired blood-sugar tolerance

  • Effect of Artificial Sweeteners on Insulin Resistance @ nih.gov (08/22)

  • How Artificial Sweeteners Affect Blood Sugar and Insulin @ healthline.com (08/22)

  • How to Artificial Sweeteners Affect My Glucose Levels" @ levelshealth.com (08/22)

  • Sucralose Affects Glycemic and Hormonal Responses to an Oral Glucose Load @ nih.gov (08/22)
    • Sucralose augments glucose absorption by increasing intestinal glucose transport
    • Chronic inclusion of NNS in the diet upregulates the expression of sodium-dependent
      glucose transporter isoform 1, which in turn increases the initial rate of Na+-dependent
      glucose uptake, and increases glycemic responses after an oral glucose tolerance test

• High Blood Sugar and Vinegar
  • Does Vinegar Really Lower Blood Sugar @ levelshealth.com (08/22)
    • The acetic acid in vinegar slows down the rate at which the stomach empties the
      food you ve eaten into the small intestine
    • Vinegar may act on the body s cells, increasing their ability to take in glucose
    • Vinegar may also work to balance blood sugar by interfering with disaccharidases
      (enzymes in the small intestine that break down carbohydrates)

  • Apple Cider Vinegar and Diabetes @ meadicalnewstoday.com (08/22)
    • Groups taking apple cider vinegar saw significant improvement in blood glucose
      levels 30 minutes after consuming the vinegar

  • Vinegar Comsumption Increases Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake by Forearm Muscle in
    Humans with Type 2 Diabetes @ nih.gov (08/22)

• Adiponectin
  • How to Increase Adiponectin @ fivejourneys.com (08/22)
    • Fish (or omega-3) oil increased adiponectin by 14-60%
    • Fiber increase adiponectin levels by 60-115%
    • Exercise, caffeine
    • Curcumin, Raspberry Ketones, cyanidin 3-glucoside (blueberries)

• GABA
  • GABA and Blood Sugar @ lifespa.com (08/22)
    • This study suggest that the body s natural production of GABA could, on one hand,
      be mitigating stress, but, on the other hand, inadvertently raise blood sugar in those
      who are diabetic or considered obese
    • When researchers chemically blocked the production of GABA, they saw a positive
      change in blood sugar regulation in just two days
    • The brain s response to the aggressive production of GABA from the liver is high blood sugar
    • Ashwagandha supports the body's healthy formation of GABA, calms the brain, and has
      also been shown to support healthy levels of blood sugar
    • Ashwangandha crosses the Blood-Brain Barrier

  • Hold the GABA @ nih.gov (08/22)
    • Gabapentin, a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogue, has infrequently been reported
      to cause liver injury
    • Discontinuing gabapentin resulted in rapid reversal improvement in hepatocellular injury

  • Increased GABA Concentrations in Type 2 Diabetes are Related to Lower Cognitive Functioning @ nih.gov (08/22)

  • GABA and the Liver @ karger.com (08/22)
    • Mammalian liver contains high concentrations of GABA which are carefully regulated
      by a series of hepatic metabolic pathways and a specific sodium-dependent active
      transport system

  • Critical Role of Hepatic GABA in the Metabolic Dysfunctions and Hyperphagia of Obesity @ sciencedirection.com (08/22)

  • The Relevance of GABA for Diabetes @ sciencedaily.com (08/22)

  • Study of GABA in Healthy Volunteers @ frontiersin.org (08/22)
    • GABA is produced by pancreatic Beta-cells in large quantities
    • Within an islet, GABA suppresses glucagon secretion by the Alpha-cells as a
      consequence of membrane hyperpolarization but, in contrast, it enhances insulin
      secretion by the Beta-cells through membrane depolarization
    • GABA also increased glucagon levels only under fasting conditions (1.3-fold,
      single dose, p < 0.05; 1.5-fold, repeated dose, p < 0.01). However, there were no
      significant differences in the insulin-to-glucagon ratio and no significant change
      in glucose levels in these healthy subjects during the study period.

  • GABA Improves Liver Function and Insulin Resistance of Type 2 Diabetic Rats @ nature.com (08/22)

Top of Page

Brain Fog and Fatigue

• New Long COVID Study Zeroes in on Possible Biological Cause of Brain Fog @ accuweather.com (05/25)
  • Most common symptoms of Long COVID are brain fog, lingering fatigue, and shortness of breath
  • Patients with symptoms had lower serum levels of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF),
    a protein that plays a key role in neuron development and the maintenance of the
    brain's plasticity
  • NGF is associated with high-level cognitive functions that require memory and mental flexibility
  • Those same subjects also had higher levels of interleukin-10, a powerful
    anti-inflammatory protein secreted by white blood cells that plays a crucial role
    in regulating the immune system
  • The group also showed declines in "letter fluency," a neurological cognition test
    meant to measure how quickly subjects can perform "executive function" mental tasks
    requiring working memory and attention to detail
  • Interleukin-10 is an "energy production protein"

• Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)
  • Nerve Growth Factor @ wikipedia.org (05/25)
    • NGF is a neurotrophic factor and neuropeptide primarily involved in the
      regulation of growth, maintenance, proliferation, and survival of certain target neurons
    • NGF is critical for the survival and maintenance of sympathetic and sensory neurons
      as they undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) in its absence
    • Withdrawal of NGF induces apoptosis in pancreatic beta cells
    • NGF plays a critical role in the regulation of both innate and acquired immunity
    • In acquired immunity, NGF is produced by the Thymus as well as CD4+ T cell clones
    • NGF is abundant in seminal plasma
    • NGF, specifically mouse (murine) nerve growth factor, has been available as a
      licensed medicine in China since 2003
    • There is evidence of improved patient outcomes for several diseases of the nervous
      system, including acute intracerebral hemorrhage, global developmental delay,
      optic atrophy, epilepsy and cerebral palsy

  • How to Increase Nerve Growth Factor Concentrations @ facemedstore.com (05/25)
    • Nerve growth factors are naturally made and regulated by the body with its primary
      production found in the cortex, hippocampus, and pituitary gland though they can be
      produced in other places including the spinal cord
    • Dietary supplements:
      • Lion's Mane supplements -- help with axonal growth which can help treat injuries
        to the nervous system
        • Lion's Mane 3000 mg, 80 softgels @ horbaach.com ($7.99) (05/25)
      • Vitamin D3 supplements
      • Zinc and Vitamin A supplements taken together
      • Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Supplements (PQQ) -- beneficial to patients with
        peripheral neuropathy
        • Horbaach PQQ, 40 mg, 120 capsules @ horbaach.com ($19.79) (05/25)
        • California Gold Nutrition, PQQ, 20 mg, 90 softgels @ iherb.com ($28.59) (05/25)
        • NOW, Extra Strength PQQ, 40 mg, 50 capsules @ iherb.com ($30.61) (05/25)
        • Swanson PQQ, 20 mg, 30 capsules @ swansonvitamins.com ($14.29) (05/25)
        • Nutricost PQQ, 20 mg, 30 capsules @ amazon.com ($12.95) (05/25)
    • Dietary habits to boost Nerve Growth Factors
      • Rosemary and Rosemary Extract -- contains carnosic acid
      • Lion's Mane Mushrooms
      • Plant-derived Honey

  • Nerve Growth Factor @ translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com (05/25)

  • Classes of Growth Factors Acting in the Nervous System @ nih.gov (05/25)

Top of Page

Claudication, Intermittent

• Intermittent Claudication (limping)
  • COVID-19 Exercerbates Acute Lower Limb Ischemia @ nih.gov (05/25)
    • "Interestingly, this case reported that the patient developed intermittent
      claudication 1 week after COVID-19 infection and had no symptoms before that"

  • Claudication @ mayoclinic.org (05/25)
    • Claudication is pain caused by too little blood flow to muscles during exercise
    • Most often this pain occurs in the legs after walking at a certain pace and
      for a certain amount of time
    • The condition is also called intermittent claudication because the pain usually
      isn't constant; it begins during exercise and ends with rest.
    • As claudication worsens, however, the pain may occur during rest
    • Claudication is a symptom of peripheral artery disease
    • Treatment focuses on lowering the risks of vascular disease, reducing pain,
      increasing mobility, and preventing damage to tissues
    • Claudication refers to muscle pain due to lack of oxygen that's triggered by
      activity and relieved by rest
    • Pain may make exercise intolerable
    • Exercise is an important part of claudication treatment

  • Intermittent Claudication @ stanfordhealthcare.org (05/25)
    • Pain, a burning feeling, or a tired sensation in the legs and buttocks while
      walking are symptoms of intermittent claudication
    • The skin of the foot or leg may become shiny, hairless, mottled (blotchy) in
      appearance, or may ulcerate
    • The affected leg may become pale when elevated and reddened (rubor) when lowered
    • Additional symptoms include cold feet, impotence in men, and leg pain that occurs
      at night when in bed
    • Pain that occurs at rest may be a sign of increasing severity of arterial disease in the legs

  • Peripheral Artery Disease and Claudication (Beyond the Basics) @ uptodate.com (05/25)
    Causes of claudication (limping)
    • Lower extremity Periperal Artery Disease (PAD)
    • Aneurysm in the abdomen or leg
    • Nerve compression in the spine
    • Bursitis -- inflamation of the fluid spaces around the hip muscles

• Bursitis
  • Bursitis @ mayoclinic.org (05/25)
    • Treatment typically involves resting the affected joint and protecting it from
      further trauma
    • In most cases, bursitis pain goes away within a few weeks with proper treatment,
      but recurrent flare-ups of bursitis are common

  • How to Heal Hip Birsitis Quickly @ christushealth.org (05/25)
    • Rest
    • Ice therapy, heat therapy
    • Anti-inflammatory medications
    • Specific exercises
    • Chiropractic care and chriropractic massage therapy
    • Sleep
    • Sit with your lower back straight, and your hips and legs bent at a 90-degree angle;
      take frequent breaks from sitting; use a cushion or pillow to support the bursa

• Exercise Therapy
  • Exercise Prescription for Intermittent Claudication @ nih.gov (05/25)

  • Specific exercises @ royalfree.nhs.uk (05/25)
    • The pain you experience in your legs when you walk or exercise actually
      stimulates your body to grow new blood vessels
    • Repeat an exercise until you really ache; rest until the pain subsides;
      then move on to the next exercise
    • Use a chair for support
    • Up on Toes
    • Knee Lifts -- not higher than hip level
    • Step Side to Side -- sideways step to the right; step together;
      sideways step to the left; step together
    • Step Up and Down -- first lead with left foot and then lead with right foot
    • Walk on Your Toes -- walk 10 step foreward; lower your heels; walk 10 step backward
    • Sit to Stand -- sit in a chair; lean forward slightly; place hands on hips;
      stand up on one movement; step back until your legs touch the chairr;
      slowly lower your bottom bck into the chair; repeat 10-20 times
    • Walking
    • Front Thigh Strengthener -- sit in a chair; straighten one leg;
      hold for a count of 5; lower foot to the floor; repeat 5-10 times on each leg
    • Standing Toe Raise -- stand tall; raise your toes; hold for a second;
      lower your toes with control; continue for 2 minutes
    • Side Steps -- take 10 sideways step to the right; repeat to the left;
      continue for 2 minutes
    • Stair Climbing
    • Heel Walk -- stand tall; raise your toes; take 10 small steps forward;
      lower your toes; take 10 steps backward; repeat for 2 minutes
    • Outer Thigh Strengthener (exercise band) -- sit in chair with band around your
      thighs; push your knees outward; release; repeat 10 more times
    • Cooldown
      • March for 1-2 minutes
      • Chest Stretch -- sit tall away from the back of the chair and place both hands
        on your bottom; gently draw your shoulder blades together; hold for 10 seconds and
        release; repeat twice
      • Back of Thigh Stretch -- sit tall on front third of the chair; straighten one
        leg placing heel on the floor; place both hands on other leg; lean forward with
        a straight back until you feel a stretch in the back of your thigh; hold for
        10-20 seconds; repeat on other leg
      • Calf Stretch -- stand behind the chair, holding on with both hands, and step back
        with your right foot, pressing the heel down; both feet should face forward;
        bend the left knee and feel the stretch in your right calf; hold for 10-20 seconds; repeat on other leg

• Ginkgo Biloba
  • Ginkgo Biloba for Intermittent Claudication @ nih.gov (05/25)
    • Ginkgo biloba is a vasoactive agent and is used to treat IC
    • A widely used and well-standardized Ginkgo biloba extract contains
      24% flavonoids and 6% terpenes
    • EGb 761 is sold in the United States as Ginkgold manufactured by Nature's Way
    • Exercise therapy can improve the absolute claudication distance (ACD) by 150%
      and should be prescribed for symptom relief
    • In the western world Ginkgo biloba extract is prescribed mainly for IC,
      cerebral insufficiency and tinnitus
    • In vitro studies of Ginkgo biloba demonstrated free‐radical scavenging properties
      and prolongation of the half‐life of endothelial‐derived relaxing factor,
      resulting in improved microcirculation by inducing relaxation of contracted blood vessels
    • Trials used 120 mg daily, 160 mg daily, 240 mg daily, 300 mg daily, and 320 mg daily
    • Also tested Ginkgo biloba with magnesium and Levo-arginine
    • Benefits increase over time
    • Most common side effects of Ginkgo biloba included gastro‐intestinal complaints,
      headache, allergic skin reactions

  • Ginkgo biloba @ mountsinai.org (05/25)
    • Ginkgo biloba may help treat intermittent claudication
    • In fact, ginkgo has been shown to work as well as a prescription medication
      in improving pain-free walking distance. However, regular walking exercises work
      better than ginkgo in improving walking distance.
    • Studies have used 120 to 240 mg per day, in divided doses, standardized to
      contain 24 to 32% flavone glycosides (flavonoids or heterosides) and 6 to 12%
      triterpene lactones (terpenoids)

• Vitamin E
  • Vitamin E for Intermittent Claudication @ nih.gov (05/25)
    • the most active form of Vitamin E is alpha‐tocopherol

Top of Page

Cysts

• COVID-19 Causes Cysts
  • Cutaneous Lesions and COVID-19 @ onlinelibrary.wiley.com (01/22)
    • An emerging area, in which there is little information, is the COVID-19-related
      cutaneous manifestations
    • Here, we report the case of a COVID-19 patient with painful cutaneous lesions
      on posterior auricular for the first time in the ear
    • Cutaneous lesions in the form of cystic eruptions appeared on his body
    • At the time of examination, the auricular lesion was tender and warm, and
      without any secretion or itching
    • We suspect that vesicular lesions can be the less common symptoms after SARS-CoV-2
      infection, or they might be late symptoms which could be neglected

• What Is It
  • Epidermoid Cyst @ everydayhealth.com (01/22)
    • True sebaceous cysts are caused by the glands that secrete the oily matter (sebum) that
      helps lubricate your skin and the hair. They are not as common as epidermoid cysts, which
      occur when skin cells accrue under the skin instead of being shed from its surface.
    • Epidermoid Cyst
      • Dome-shaped cysts can be pea-sized, or grow to a few inches or larger
      • They grow very slowly, and they re not painful
      • You should be able to move them around
      • They often have a central small black dot, or punctum, through which sebum accumulates
      • The cyst excretes a cheese-like liquid that has a foul smell
      • Cysts can disappear on their own without treatment

  • Sebaceous Cysts @ clevelandclinic.org (01/22)
    • Sebaceous cysts are far less common than other types of similar cysts such as
      epidermoid cysts and pilar cysts

  • Pilar Cyst @ healthline.com (01/22)

• How to Remove
  • How to Remove a Sebaceous Cyst @ wikihow.com (01/22)
    • Astringent herbs like aloe vera can be used to pull out the protein keratin, sebum,
      and other fluids in the cyst.
    • Apply apple cider vinegar to help dry out the cyst; apply it three to four times a day

Top of Page

Eyes

• Cornea Edema
  • Corneal Edema @ healthline.com (08/21)
    • Cornea edemais caused by fluid buildup in the cornea
    • The edothelium pumps out any fluid that collects inside the eye
    • Endothelial cells can never regenerate
    • Cataract surgery can damage endothelial cells; this is called
      pseudophakic coreneal edema or pheudophakic bullous keratopathy
    • Symptoms include blurry vision, haloes around lights, eye pain

  • Corneal Edema @ ccteyes.com (08/21)
    • Corneal edema can be caused by disease, injury or certain drugs
    • Mild corneal edema can be helped by salt water eye drops (Muro 128)
      that are used 3-4 times a day
    • A partial thickness cornea transplant is performed to replace the damaged
      cells and is curative for corneal edema

  • Glaucoma and the Importance of the Eye's Drainage System @ brightfocus.org (08/21)
    • Good video
    • The trabecular meshwork is the eye's drainage system
    • Liquid flows through the trabecular meshwork, then through Schlemm's canal,
      into collector channels, then to veins, and eventually back into the body's circulatory system

  • The Trabecular Meshwork @ nih.gov (08/21)
    • Very good description

  • Vascular Effects of Dietary Salt @ nih.gov (08/21)

  • Salt Awareness Week @ careoptics.co.uk (08/21)
    • High levels of salt can add to cateract formation and higher intraocular
      pressure

  • Corneal Endotheliam Cells Over the Past Decade @ tvst.arvojournals.org (08/21)

  • Ophthalmic Manifestations of Coronavirus @ nih.gov (08/21)

• People have developed edema in/around the eyes with COVID. The simple
  5% salt (Na Cl) solution is what is recommended; this does help.

Top of Page

Gas, Sharp Pain in the Left Shoulder

• Sharp Gas Pain in Left Shoulder @ reddit.com (06/25)
  • "The only things that hurt are my shoulder, upper arm. And neck kind of. It
    FEELS like surgery gas. But I haven't had surgery. It was so sharp that I
    contemplated the hospital tonight."
  • "I noticed that when I ate, the pain got worse until gas was passed"
  • After the gas passed, the left shoulder pain completely went away. After that,
    I needed to use the restroom."
  • "I went to my doctor and we figured out I maybe be SEVERELY lactose
    intolerant and have Endo near or around my colon. When I eat too much milk,
    or lactose I bloat immensely which shot up into my shoulder. It hasn't happened
    again since I changed my diet."

• Left Shoulder Blade Pain and the Digestive System @ lsdc.uk (06/25)

• Severe Pain Between the Shoulder Blades @ dallasshoulder.com (06/25)
  • Gas pain in the shoulder blade can be a sign of gallbladder disease or digestive
    problems. When the gallbladder becomes inflamed or blocked, it can cause referred
    pain to the upper back.
  • Symptoms
    • Sudden, intense pain in the upper right abdomen
    • Pain that radiates to the RIGHT shoulder or shoulder blade
    • Nausea, vomiting, and digestive discomfort

Top of Page

Hearing Loss & Tinnitus

• Hearing Loss
  • Hearing Loss and Tinnitus @ everydayhealth.com (01/24)
    • Hearing Loss and Tinnitus Are Lesser-Known Symptoms of COVID-19
    • COVID-19 can damage the nerves involved in hearing
    • People can become impaired months or years later as a symptom of long COVID
    • Issues range from hearing impairment to roaring or buzzing sounds in the ear
      due to tinnitus
    • Otologists are seeing a substantial number of people whose hearing has been
      impacted by COVID-19
    • Hearing loss from COVID-19 can include
      • Mild hearing problems where soft sounds are hard to discern
      • Moderate issues where normal speech volume is imperceptible
      • Severe or profound hearing loss where speech and sounds are inaudible
    • Almost 20 percent of patients who reported hearing impairment lacked a
      common reflex called the stapes reflex that happens in the middle ear in
      response to loud sounds
    • In many cases, COVID-19 likely speeds up the timetable for hearing problems
      a person was already developing
    • Tinnitus Is Another Symptom of Long COVID
      • Tinnitus is a constant sound in one or both ears that can resemble buzzing,
        yelling, a roaring engine, a loud wind, or other disruptive sounds
      • Tinnitus after COVID-19 is even more likely to occur than hearing loss,
        affecting 4.5 percent of patients
      • There is no cure for tinnitus
      • People have reported tinnitus after they got a COVID-19 vaccine
      • Tinnitus was a known potential side effect of the J7J vaccine back in 2021

Top of Page

Kidney Disease

• Symptoms of Kidney Disease
  • 7 Warning Signs That Your Kidneys are Toxic by Dr. Eric Berg @ youtube.com (08/22)
    • Edema (fluid build-up) in legs or underneath eyes
    • Uremic frost (urea crystal deposits on the skin)
    • High blood pressure
    • Exhaustion
    • Excess protein in the urine
    • Acidic urine
    • Low vitamin D

  • Kidney Disease: Signs & Symptoms @ youtube.com (08/22)
    • Urination Changes
      • Increased or decreased urine volume
      • Foamy urine (protein in the urine)
      • Blood in the Urine
    • Peripheral Edema
      • Swelling on the lower legs and feet (pitting edema; volume overload)
      • Loss of albumin
      • Also swelling under the eyes
    • Hypertension (high blood pressure)
    • Dyspnea (shortness of breath; some chest pain)
    • Difficulty sleeping
      • Not being able to get to sleep (do to increased toxins)
      • Being very tired during the day
    • Fatigue (due to increased toxins)
    • Muscle Twitching/Spasms (due to electrolyte imbalances)
    • Anemia (in chronic kidney disease)
    • Uremia (increased urea in the blood, due to the breakdown of proteins)
      • Uremic pericarditis (chest pains)
      • Uremic encephalopathy (altered mental states, delirium, confusion)
      • Asterixis (tremor flap at the wrist)
      • Pruritis (itching sensation; very itchy dry skin; also known as uremic pruritis)
      • Nausea and vomiting
      • Anorexia/weight loss; decreased appetite
      • Platelet dysfunction
        • Gingival bleeding
        • Increased cutaneous bleeding
        • Epistaxis
        • Petechiae/purpura
        • Easy bruising

  • Kidney Failure: Don't Ignore These Symptoms @ youtube.com (08/22)
    • Changes in urine
    • Edema or inflammation (water in feet, legs, ankles, face)
    • Acne
    • Pain in the lower back
    • Nausea and vomiting
    • Dry skin
    • Dizziness
    • Lack of appetite

  • Lifestyle Choices for Those with Chronic Kidney Disease (08/22)
    • Cramps, especially leg cramps, are common for those with kidney disease

  • I Have Severe Leg Cramps, Especially at Night @ kidney.org (08/22)
    • Muscle cramps are very common in chronic kidney disease and unfortunately we do not
      have effective medication in many cases

• How to Reverse Kidney Disease
  • Chronic Kidney Disease: Improve Kidney Function with Diet by Dr. KenDBerry @ youtube.com (08/22)
    • Leading cause of kidney disease is diabetes and hypertension (chronically high
      blood sugar and chronically high insulin levels in the blood)
    • Eating protein does not cause kidney damage
    • Your kidneys are supposed to filter out all the amino acids (conserve them)
    • Chronic kidney disease can be reversed by a low carb or ketogenic diet
    • A high fat diet does NOT damage your kidneys
    • A high protein diet does NOT damage your kidneys
    • Reversal of Diabetic Nephropathy by a Ketogenic Diet @ journals.plos.org (08/22)
    • Renal Functions Following Three Distincs Weight Loss Dietary Strategies @ diabetesjournals.org (08/22)
    • Comparative Effects of Low-Carb High-Protein versus Low-Fat Diets on the Kidneys @ nih.gov (08/22)
      • Low-carb high-protein diets did NOT harm the kidneys

  • High Fat Diet May Be Able to Reverse Kidney Failure @ aarp.org (08/22)

  • Is Potassium Good or Bad for Your Kidneys? by Dr. Eric Berg @ youtube.com (08/22)

• Effects of COVID
  • Kidney Damage Another Consequence of 'Long COVID' @ usnews.com (08/22)
    • Months after their initial infection, COVID survivors were at increased risk of
      various types of kidney damage
    • Even patients who were sick at home with COVID were at increased risk of kidney problems
    • Overall, COVID patients were more likely to show a substantial drop in the kidneys'
      glomerular filtration rate (GFR), a measure of how well the organs are filtering waste
      from the blood
    • COVID patients were nearly twice as likely to develop acute kidney injury, though
      it varied according to initial COVID severity
    • Since adults naturally lose about 1% of their kidney function per year, a 30% decline
      in GFR is akin to losing 30 years of kidney function
    • People who'd been sick at home with COVID had a 30% higher risk of developing acute
      kidney failure, versus the non-COVID group
    • As for acute kidney injury, people can recover from it with no lasting harm

  • Acute Kidney Injury is a Frequent Complication of COVID-19 @ biomerieux.com (08/22)

  • Kidney Damage Caused by COVID-19 @ hopkinsmedicine.org (08/22)

  • Kidney Outcomes in Long COVID @ jasn.asnjournals.org (08/22)

Top of Page

Lymphedema

• Lymphedema and COVID-19
  • Lower Limb Lymphedema as a Complication of COVID-19 Vaccine@ nih.gov (05/23)
    • Patient developed lymphedema after a vaccination of Sinopharm (BBIBP-CorV) COVID-19 vaccine
    • Secondary lymphedema is a possible complication to the COVID-19 vaccination

  • Lymphedema of the Arm after COVID-19 Vaccination @ nih.gov (05/23)

  • Transient Lower Extremity Lymphedema following COVID-19 Vaccination @ journals.lww.com (05/23)
    • Lymphedema started after the second dose of the Pfizer vaccine
    • Patient received physiotheraph, complex decongestive physiotherapy, pneumatic pump compression,
      and a compressive bandage
    • Patient was given Entelon 150 (Hanlim Pharm Co), which consists of
      grape seed extract, known to improve lymphatic fluid stasis
    • Moderna and Pfizer use lipid nanoparticles as mRNA carriers
    • AstraZeneca uses adenovirus vectors
    • J&J Janssen uses a viral vector vaccine
    • The effectiveness of these vaccines depends on their delivery to lymph nodes
      through dendritic cells
    • Some antigens may be transferred directly to the lymph nodes
    • Our patients showed limited swelling patterns below the knees

• Apis mellifica and other Homeopathic Remedies
  • Homeopathic treatment of Lower Leg Edema @ nih.gov (05/23)
    • Recurrence of a swollen left ankle and lower leg, which had previously been
      treated by conventional medicine
    • Taking Apis mellifica 200c led to a fast improvement
    • Patient was free of symptoms within 24 hours and has remained so for 3 years

  • Apis mellifica Preparations Effected Human Gene Expression Profiles @ nih.gov (05/23)
    • Diluted preparations of Apis mellifica are reported to have anti-inflammatory activity
    • Effects on global gene expression profiles of human cells were studied using Apis mellifica
      mother tincture (TM) and its 3C, 5C, 7C dynamized dilutions
    • Apis mellifica TM and its dynamized dilutions (3C, 5C, 7C) modulated hundreds of genes
    • Groups of genes were up- or down-regulated
    • Genes involved in cytokine expression, inflammatory processes, anti-oxidative
      responses and proteasome degradation were affected

  • All About Apis mellifica @ boironusa.com (05/23)

  • Homeopathic Medicines for Swollen Ankles @ drhomeo.com (05/23)
    • Apis Mellifica for dropsical swelling over ankles (waxy, pale, swollen ankles; water retention)
    • Apocynum for dropsical swelling after cardiac disease
    • Ledum Pal for swollen ankles due to arthritis
    • Arnica for swollen ankles caused by injury
    • Ruta for swollen ankles resulting from a sprain
    • Hamamelis for swollen ankles due to varicose veins

  • Apis Mellifica @ drhomeo.com (05/23)
    • Complementary medicine is Natrum Mur, which completes its action
    • Antidote medicines are Carbolic Acid, Cantharis, Lachesis, and Ledum Pal as they
      neutralize the action of Apis

  • Apis Mellifica @ materiamedica.info (05/23)
    • Homeopathic Materia Medica # homeoint.org (05/23)

  • Homeopathic Remedies for Edema @ homeoresearch.com (05/23)

  • Homeopathic Remedies for Swelling @ myupchar.com (05/23)

  • Sources
    • RXHomeo Apis Mellifica 200C @ amazon.com (500 pellets; $15.00 + $5.00) (05/23)
    • WHP Apis mellifica 30C @ amazon.com (900 pellets; 11.49 + $4.99) (05/23)
    • Edema-Fluid Retentions Formula @ newtonlabs.net ($22.00) (05/23)
      • This has an interesting list of homeopathic ingredients

• Herbs for Lymphedema
  • Detox Your Lymphatic System @ schoolofba.com (05/23)
    • Calendula, echinacea, and dandelion are just a few of the many herbs that promote
      lymphatic drainage, reduce any swelling and pain, and boost your immune system.

• What is Lymphedema?
  • What is Lymphedema @ medicalnewstoday.com (05/23)

  • Venuous Insufficiency and Lymphedema @ veincenterofarizona.com (05/23)
    • Lymphedema usually involves swelling of the foot, ankle, and leg
    • Venous insufficiency only involves the ankle and leg
    • It is not uncommon to have a combination of varicose veins, venous insufficiency,
      spider veins, and lymphedema all at the same time

  • Exercise, Lifestyle and the Lymphatic System @ cpandr.co.uk (05/23)
    • The lymphatic system is our body s own waste removal service. It is the least
      talked about system in the body but is arguably the most vital.
    • A major component of the circulatory system, and twice as large as the arterial
      system, it comprises a network of tissues and vessels that transport and dispose
      of lymphatic waste and other fluids.
    • Its most important function is the role it plays in our immune response:
      lymphocytes (white blood cells) originate from and are transported in the lymphatic
      system to fight off diseases and infections.
    • The lymphatic system is 96% water. Dehydration causes the lymphatic system to
      slow down and inhibits waste removal from the body. This consequently leads to
      similar complications as brought about by sedentary behavior.
    • An alkaline environment in the body is the most optimal for the drainage of
      the lymphatic system.

• Manual Drainage
  • Reducing Fatigue-Related Symptoms in Long COIVD-19: lymphatic drainage intervention @ nih.gov (06/23)
    • Specific manual lymphatic drainage intervention may help to reduce fatigue symptoms
      related to Long COVID, perhaps preventing acute symptoms through early intervention

  • Long COIVD-19 Treatment using Lympatic Drainage Massage @ youtube.com (06/23)
    • Lymphatic Drainage Massage -- Full Routine @ youtube.com (06/23)

  • Theoretical Basis of Manual Lymph Drainage @ thieme.com (05/23)

  • Self Manual Lymphatic Drainage for the Leg @ youtube.com (05/23)

  • 10 Exercises for Leg Lymphedema @ youtube.com (05/23)
    • Comprilan Wrap, not Ace wraps

  • Swollen, Bloated and Puffy by Kathleen Lisson @ amazon.com (05/23)

• Varicose Veins
  • How are Varicose Veins and Lymphedema Connected? @ tactilemedical.com (05/23)
    • Varicose veins are the result of a problem with the circulation of blood in the body
    • Lymphedema indicates a problem with the body s lymphatic system, which is
      responsible for circulating lymph fluid

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R-CPD - Retrograde Cricopharyngeus Dysfunction (inability to burp)

• R-CPD
  • Inability to Burp: Retrograde Cricopharyngeus Dysfunction (R-CPD) @ youtube.com (05/25)

  • R-CPD @ medicalnewstoday.com (05/25)
    • Doctors identified R-CPD in 2019
    • The primary treatment for RCPD is Botox injections

  • The Kid Who Couldn't Burp @ nih.gov (05/25)

  • Can't Burp @ laryngopedia.com (05/25)

• Links to COVID
  • Correlation Between COVID-19 & R-CPD @ reddit.com (05/25)
    • There seems to be a correlation with COVID-19 & R-CPD
    • The virus effected the burping muscle more then in normal circumstances
    • Research from Dr. Bastian ended up in a medical treatment in 2019
    • R-CPD was MUCH worse after COVID
    • "I didn't have burping issues until covid."
    • "I have long covid and now have R-CPD symptoms. The symptoms are stronger
      during flare ups and when I’m exposed to other illnesses."
    • "Stress also makes it worse for me."

• Suggestions and Medications
  • Inability to Burp (R-CPD) @ birth-defect.org (05/25)
    • Shaker Exercise
      • Lie flat on your back
      • Lift your head and look at your toes (lift head only, do not raise shoulders)
      • Hold this position (the goal is 60 seconds)
      • Relax, lower your head, and rest one minute
      • Perform these steps three times
      • Then, lift the head up and lower the head quickly 30 times (head only,
        do not raise shoulders)
      • Remember to breathe while doing exercises
      • Do all steps three times a day
      • Wait at least 30 minutes after eating before doing exercises

  • Cricopharyngeal Spasm @ clevelandclinic.org (05/25)
    • Symptoms can also worsen when you're stressed
    • Can be caused by INFLAMATION
    • Drink warm beverages to help relax your throat muscles
    • Eat smaller meals throughout the day; this helps your throat muscles
      stay relaxed for longer
    • Gently massage your neck and throat
    • Keep track of factors that make your symptoms worse, then avoid them

  • Tylenol helps me burb (helps INFLAMATION)

  • Esophageal Spasms @ mayoclinic.org (05/25)
    • Medicines that relax your swallowing muscles:
      • Peppermint oil
        • Drinking water with a few drops of peppermint oil
        • Altoids, peppermint lozenge
        • Peppermint tea?
        • Licorice and methol products may also have a relaxing effect
      • Botox injections
      • Calcium channel blockers

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Rash

• COVID Toes, Rashes @ aad.org (08/23)
  • Some people develop painful raised bumps or areas of rough skin
  • COVID rash can look like a patchy rash; itchy bumps; blisters;
    round, pinpoint spots on the skin; large patches; a lace-like pattern;
    flat spots and raised bumps that join together

• COVID Rash in Adults @ medicalnewstoday.com (08/23)

• Common Skin Signs of COVID-19 in Adults: an Update @ ccjm.org (08/23)

• Petechiae @ goodRX.com (08/23)

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Sleep

• Insomnia Information
  • Insomnia @ Bonnie's Links (04/22)

  • Supplement Guide @ jimstoppani.com (good reference) (04/22)

• Birth Control Pills
  • 6 Ways that Oral Contraceptive Pills Disrupts Sleep @ medium.com (03/22)
    • Altered sleep architecture -- women get less slow wave sleep and more REM sleep;
      REM sleep is lighter, and you can be more easily awakened from it
    • Anxiety -- generated chemicals don't interact with the GABA receptors to decrease
      the stress response, and calm the mind and adrenals
    • Depression -- increase monoamine oxidase which breaks down neurotransmitters
      (Serotonin, dopamine, and noraadrenaline; serotonin is used to make melatonin)
    • Can elevate your body temperature; a cooler core temperature makes you sleepy
    • Nutrient deficiencies -- B vitamins, zinc, and magnesium
    • Obstructive sleep apnoea

• COVID-19
  • GABA Administration Prevents Severe Illness and Death of COVID in Mice @ nih.gov (04/22)

  • The Mysterious Link Between COVID-19 and Sleep @ theatlantic.com (03/22)

  • Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of COVID-19 Explained by SARS-CoV-2 Proteins'
    Mimicry of Human Protein Interactions @ frontiersin.org (04/22)

• Supplements for Slow-Wave Sleep
  • How Nutrition Affects Sleep @ runnersworld.com (03/22)
    • L-theanine (anxiety-reducing amino acid; works with GABA)
    • Zinc, Iron, Magnesium
    • Vitamin D (hormone that increases the amount of melatonin)
    • Taurine, Carnitine, 5-HTP
    • Phosphatidyl serine
    • Magnolia bark extract

  • Magnolia Bark Affects Sleep @ thesleepdoctor.com (03/22)
    • Significantly increase slow-wave sleep
    • Is a GABA booster
    • Increases GABA activity
    • People with reduced GABA activity are prone to insomnia and other sleep problems
    • Activates the endocannabinoid system
    • Typical dose is 200-400 mg
    • Possible side effects include shaking hands, thyroid problems, tiredness,
      headache, dizziness
    • Might interact with St. John's Wort
    • Magnolia Bark Extract, the Natural Benzo @ reddit.com (03/22)
    • Swanson Standardized Magnolia Extract (200 mg; 30 caps; $5.09) (03/22)

  • St. John's Wort can cause trouble sleeping, vivid dreams, restlessness;
    it has a plasma half-life of 24 hours

  • L-theanine
    • Is not naturally produced by the body; found in green tea and mushrooms
    • Is responsible fore the unique taste known as umani
    • Induces brainwave paterns similar to those associated with meditation
    • Is readily able to cross into the brain
    • Helps to maintain healthy cortisol levels (reducing stress)
    • Promotes sleep latency; take at least 40 minues prior to going to sleep
    • 200 mg is the recommended dose of L-theanine (for sleep)
    • L-theanine works better with GABA (GABA @ 20 mg/kg and L-theanine @ 100 mg/kg)
    • GABA clinical dose is 100 mg

• Supplements at Walmart
  • Spring Valley GABA 750 mg @ walmart.com ($6.88) (03/22)
    • GABA only works if you have a "leaky" blood-brain barrier
  • Spring Valley L-Theanine @ walmart.com (100 mg; $5.94) (03/22)

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Sodium

• General Information about Sodium
  • 1 tsp salt contains 2,325 mg sodium
  • The recommended daily limit is 2,300 mg sodium

• Hyponatremia (Low Blood Sodium)
  • 6 Dangers of Restricting Sodium Too Much @ healthline.com (08/22)
    • MAY INCREASE INSULIN RESISTANCE
    • No clear benefit for heart disease
    • Increased risk of death from heart failure
    • May raise LDL (bad) cholesterol and triglycerides
    • Increased risk of death for people with diabetes
    • Higher risk of hyponatremia

  • Hyponatremia @ healthline.com (08/22)
    • Your sodium level should be between 135 and 145 milliequivalents per liter
    • Common symptoms: weakness, fatigue or low energy, headache, nausea,
      muscle cramps, confusion, irritability
    • You are at risk if you eat a low-sodium diet

• Low Sodium Diet and Insulin Resistance
  • Low-Salt Diet Increases Insulin Resistance in Healthy Subjects @ nih.gov (08/22)
    • Low-salt diet is associated with an increase in Insulin Resistance

  • Salt Intake and Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Human Volunteers @ nih.gov (08/22)

  • Decreased Insulin Sensitivity During Dietary Sodium Restiction @ nih.gov (08/22)

• Low Sodium Diet and Sleep
  • Salt and Sleep @ nytimes.com (08/22)
    • Low-sodium diets can cause fitful sleep
    • Test subjects woke up more often during the night and slept less soundly when
      they were on low-sodium diets than when their diets included normal or high
      amounts of sodium
    • When the test subjects were on low-sodium diets (~500 milligrams/day), the men
      woke up during the night nearly twice as often and got about 10 percent less sleep
      than when they were on normal diets
    • When the test subjects were on a high-sodium diet (5,000 milligrams/day), the
      men slept longer and with slightly fewer nighttime wakings than when they were
      on normal diets

  • How Salt Can Help You Get Better Sleep @ healyeatsreal.com (08/22)
    • Salt lowers stress
    • Salt raises Oxytocin levels (hormone that makes you feel calm and relaxed)

  • Does a Low Salt Diet Trigger Insomina @ peoplespharmacy.com (08/22)
    • The low sodium diet was also associated with disturbed sleep patterns -- decreased
      rapid eye movement and slow wave sleep, and increased wakefulness

• COVID-19 and Low Blood Sodium
  • Hyponatremia in COVID-19 Patients @ nih.gov (08/22)
    • Patients with moderate COVID-19 disease had 2.15 (1.04-4.5) times higher
      odds of suffering from hyponatremia

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Taste & Smell

• Taste
  • Sugars, Sweet Taste Receptors, and Brain Responses @ ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (01/22)
    • Sweet taste receptors are composed of a heterodimer of Taste 1 Receptor
      member 2 (T1R2) and Taste 1 Receptor Member 3 (T1R3).
    • Four morphologic subtypes of TRCs have been identified.
    • Type I glial-like cells detect salty taste.
    • Type II cells express G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to detect
      sweet, umami, and bitter tastes.
    • Type III cells sense sour stimuli.
    • Type IV cells likely represent stem or progenitor taste cells.
    • Type II cells do not form traditional synapses with afferent nerve fibers.
      Rather, these cells release ATP through hemichannels, which can then activate
      purinergic receptors (P2N2 and P2X3) present on the cranial nerve fibers
      innervating each taste bud.
    • Type I cells degrade or absorb neurotransmitters.

  • Acid Stimulation (Sour Taste) Elicits GABA and Serotonin Release from Mouse Taste Cells
    @ journals.plos.org (01/22)

  • Please notice that ATP is required for a person to taste something "sweet"

• Loss of Taste with COVID
  • When I had the Alpha version of COVID, the loss of taste and smell was the first
    symptom I noticed. I lost almost ALL sense of taste. However, my sense of "sweet"
    was affected the most.

  • Taste Loss as a COVID-19 Symptom @ news-medical.net (01/22)
    • Some studies suggest that increased viral shedding in the saliva is linked to more taste loss
    • This may indicate direct viral damage to the taste cells
    • The taste receptors and the supporting cells of the taste buds on the tongue contains a
      a viral receptor on the host cell, and the protein required to produce the processed
      form of the viral spike
    • Direct viral effects on the brain can lead to taste alterations
    • Women notice this effect more than men

  • How COVID-19 Affects Your Mouth @ webmd.com (01/22)
    • Folks with COVID can have a reduced sense of taste (hypogueusia); a distorted sense of
      taste (dysgeusia); or a total loss of all taste (ageusia)
    • These complications seemed to be more common among European COVID patients
    • Some COVID patients also reported lesions on or under their tongue or along the gums
      and sides of the mouth

  • COVID 19-Inducted Smell and Taste Impairments@ frontiersin.org (01/22)
    • ACE2 is the main entrance receptor for SARS-Cov-2 interacting with its spike proteins
    • The highest density fo these proteins is in the olfactory eopthelium
    • ACE2 is mainly expressed in epithelian cells outside of taste papillae which contain
      the taste buds
    • A cytokine storm could make taste bud cells permissive to SARS-CoV-2

  • Taste Dysfunction and Long COVID-19 @ frontiersin.org (01/22)
    • Multiple entry receptors makes taste bud cells highly susceptible for SARS-CoV-2
      infections
    • SARS-CoV-2 viral infection and replication has been shown to occur in human
      taste bud cells
    • Direct infection of the taste bud cells and consequent inflammation could affect
      taste perception
    • Inflammation could increase epithelial cell exfoliation and constitute potential
      sources of viral RNA in saliva

• Genetics Related to Loss of Taste and Smell
  • The UGT2A1/UGT2A2 Locus is Associated wtih COVID-19-related Loss of Smell or Taste @ nature.com (01/22)
    • Both genes are expressed in the olfactory epithelium, and play a role in metabolizing
      odorants
    • Loss of sense is smell is called anosmia
    • Loss of sense of taste is called ageusia
    • 68% of COVID-19-positive people reported a loss of smell or taste as a symptom
    • Females reported the symptom more than men
    • The genes relate to uridine diPHOSPHATE glycosyltransferases (enzymes)
    • These enzymes eliminate the odorants that enter the nasal cavity and bind to
      olfactory receptors (detoxification of the receptors)
    • This results in the clearance of the odorant to facilitate the transient experience
      of olfaction
    • The loss of smell is related to damage to the cilian and olfactory epithelium, but
      not infection of the olfactory neurons

• Possible Treatments
  • Turmeric as a Possible Treatment for COVID-19-Induced Anosmia and Ageusia @ nih.gov (09/22)

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Tremors

• Vibrations, Tremors -- an Emerging long COVID-19 Symptom for Some Patients @ beckerhospitalreview.com (08/22)
  • Some physicians who work with long COVID-19 patients are seeing patients with
    tremors and vibrating sensations
  • Dr. Vanichkachorn estimates about 40 to 50 percent of long COVID-19 patients
    at Mayo (Minn) experience such symptoms in the first three months after their
    initial infection
  • While health experts aren't exactly sure what causes the post COVID-19 tremors
    or vibrating sensations, some suspect it's related to autonomic nervous system
    dysfunction (which is common among long COVID-19 patients), nerve damage, or
    brain processing issues

• COVID-19 on the Brain @ health.ucsd.edu (08/22)
  • "These are folks who had no neurological problems before COVID-19, and now they
    have an incoordination of their body and possible incoordination of their thoughts"

• Parkinsonism: An Emerging Post COVID Sequelae @ sciencedirect.com (08/22)
  • "We report three cases of post COVID parkinsonism occurring in older adults,
    age 60 years and above"

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Vaccine

• Nanotechnology in COVID Vaccines
  • General Information
    • Moderna and Pfizer use lipid nanoparticles as mRNA carriers
    • AstraZeneca uses adenovirus vectors
    • J&J Janssen uses a viral vector vaccine

  • Nanoparticles in Clinical Trials of COVID-19: An Update @ nih.gov (07/25)

  • Nanotechnology for the Management of COVID-19 @ nih.gov (07/25)
    • Nanoparticles have been prominent in mRNA vaccine designs, where lipid
      nanoparticles have been used to deliver mRNA in the vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna
    • Nanotechnology provides powerful tools to deliver the antigens and present
      them to the immune system, and also acts like adjuvants to elicit stronger immune
      responses
    • The mRNA is encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles comprised of lipid, cholesterol
      and polyethylene glycol
    • These lipid nanoparticles range in size between 80 and 200 nm and are synthesized
      by the self-assembly of cationic lipids
    • Nanoparticles can possess their own immunogenic properties, including gold
      nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles and spike protein nanoparticles
    • Vaccination using protein subunits also involves nanotechnology
    • In total, there are 198 vaccines in the preclinical stage and 156 vaccines under
      clinical investigation. Among these vaccines, at least 69 have been developed with
      nanotechnology
    • Lipid-based nanoparticles are attractive for clinical use because of their good
      biocompatibility and biodegradability

  • Nanotechnology in COVID Vaccines and Blood Clots @ childrenshealthdefense.org (07/25)

• Vaccination Side Effects
  • COVID Arm (Moderma Arm)
    • Latest Data on 'Moderna Arm' and Bleeding or Clots @ nydailynews.com (02/22)
      • "Moderma Arm" is a skin reaction which occurs days after the injection
      • Women have a stronger immune response due to the estrogen in their bodies
      • About 2% of the time, a skin reaction (rash, swelling, redness, hives) occurs
      • The "COVID vaccine arm" is a delayed skin reaction in the form of a large rash area
        near the site of injection that begins a week or so later

    • Delayed Large Local Reactions to mRNA-1273 Vaccine @ nejm.org (02/22)

• Vaccines
  • CoronaVac @ wikipedia.org (02/22)
    • It is an inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccine developed by Sinovac Biotech
    • The two-dose vaccine has an efficacy rate of 50% for preventing symptomatic infection
      (Brazilian trial)
    • Common side effects are fatigue, diarrhea, and muscle pain
    • A third dose is suggested
    • Sinovac Biotech @ wikipedia.org (02/22)

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Venous Eczema, Venous Stasis Dermatitis, Gravitational Dermatitis

• Information
  • Stasis Dermatitis @ nationaleczema.org (06/24)
    • Occurs when there is venous insufficiency, or poor circulation in the lower legs
    • Women are more likely to get it than men
    • Besides ankle swelling, early signs include orange-brown speckles of
      discoloration sometimes called cayenne pepper spots
    • Treatments can include
      • Compression stockings to reduce swelling
      • Elevating legs above the heart every two hours to reduce swelling
      • Avoiding foods high in salt
      • Supplemental vitamin C and rutin
      • Horse chestnut extract may also be recommended
      • A topical corticosteroid to calm inflammation
      • Topical or oral antibiotic if skin is infected
      • Stay hydrated

  • Stasis Dermatitis: Use of the Flavonoid Diosmin@ nih.gov (06/24)
    • It seems to arise from a cycle of interactions between two key determinants:
      venous dysfunction and chronic inflammation
    • Current treatments are more heavily focused on increasing fluid return
      as compared to decreasing inflammation, and treatments are generally more
      palliative than curative
    • Diosmin is a flavone glycoside derived from the citrus-sourced flavanone hesperidin
    • Flavonoid combination drugs, such as Axaven, which contains diosmin and hesperidin
      among other ingredients, and Paroven, which contains rutosides

  • What is Venous Stasis Dermatitis? @ webmd.com (06/24)
    • As fluid and pressure build, blook leaks out of your veins and into your skin
    • Swelling around your ankles is often the first sign
    • It will get better when you sleep, and then come back during the day
    • You may have it if you stand for long periods of time
    • Keep your feet elevated above your heart
    • A thick moisturizer may help -- petroleum jelly, aloe vera, and thick creams
    • Choose loose fitting cotton clothers for the rest of your body

  • Venuous Stasis Dermatitis @ my.clevelandclinic.org (06/24)

• Rutin
  • The Effects of Rutin Supplement @ nih.gov (06/24)
    • Patients were treated with 1 gram of rutin for three months
    • Rutin is known as an anti-inflammatory flavonoid that has pharmacological
      activities such as lowering blood pressure, increase blood flow, and
      maintaining elasticity and strengthening capillaries

  • What is Rutin? @ helathline.com (06/24)
    • Rutin has powerful antioxidant properties
    • It also helps your body produce collagen and use vitamin C
    • Rutin can prevent the formation of blood clots in certain animals
    • Rutin eases arthritis pain
    • The usual recommendation is 250 mg two times a day

  • Rutin @ draxe.com (06/24)
    • Rutin is a glycoside of the flavonoid quercetin
    • It comes from the combination of quercetin and the disaccharide (a sugar) rutinose
    • Quercetin is taken in capsule or tablet forms to fight oxidative stress,
      reduce inflammation, improve cardiovascular health, boost circulation and
      reverse cognitive impairment
    • Both of these supplements are widely available

  • Rutin @ sciencedirect.com (06/24)
    • Women were given 300 mg rutoside three times daily for 8 weeks vs. placebo;
      rutoside reduced symptom scores for pain, feelings of leg heaviness and tiredness
    • Rutosides also have led to reduction of ankle size compared with placebo

• Quercetin
  • Quercetin @ draxe.com (06/24)
    • Quercetin is the most widely distributed and extensively studied flavonoid
    • It has anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities
    • When combined with bromelain, its benefits expand even further
    • Flavonoid polyphenols are most beneficial for down-regulating or suppressing
      inflammatory pathways
    • Quercetin dihydrate, which is mostly insoluble in water, may not be absorbed
      as well as other kinds
    • Common oral dosages are 500 milligrams taken twice daily
    • Side effects can include headaches and tingling of the arms and legs

• Green Tea Works Wonders for Varicose Veins @ thewhitleychinic.co.uk (06/24)

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Summary

• ATP is used all over your body in thousands of chemical processes.

• COVID-19 (original, Alpha, Delta, or Omicron) affects the amount of ATP in your body.

• Many of the side effects of COVID (loss of taste, brain fog, muscle aches,
  loss of hair, etc) can be directly related to low phosphorus or ribose
  (which are used to make ATP).

• You can reduce/eliminate your symptoms of "long-haul" COVID by increasing your
  levels of ATP. That is done by taking the precursors of ATP (namely, phosphorus
  and ribose). Other things (like minerals) are also important.

  In many cases, the "length" of your "long-haul" symptoms is directly related to
  your diet (your intake of phosphorus, ribose, minerals, etc).

• Many people experience muscle loss/weakness and often look 10 years older after
  contracting a case of COVID (even a mild case). Muscle loss is often considered to be
  a normal part of "aging". This can be reversed by an intake of HMB and Vitamin D3.

• The last section of this webpage lists a few places which sell the supplements
  mentioned in this webpage. I just googled the items, and listed some of the best prices.

Top of Page

Shopping

• D-Ribose Powder
  • Bulk Supplements D-Ribose Powder @ amazon.com (1 kgm (2.2 lbs); $34.96) (01/22)
    • This product comes in several different sizes

  • NOW Sports D-Ribose Powder @ naturalgrocers.com (1 lb; $54.65) (01/22)
    • MUCH more expensive than Amazon.com

  • D-Ribose Powder @ vitaminshoppe.com (200 gms; $27.99)
    • MUCH more expensive than Amazon.com

• Phosphorus Supplements
  • GeriCare Phosphorus Supplement
    • GeriCare Phosphorus Supplement @ amazon.com (100 1.5 g packets; $35.79; unavailable) (01/22)
      • Potassium Phosphate Monobasic, Potassium Phosphate Dibasic,
        Sodium Phosphate Monobasic, Sodium Phosphate Dibasic, Mannitol, Citric Acid,
        Natural & Artificial Strawberry Flavor, Sucralose and Silicon Dioxide
      • It contains 280 mg potassium, 160 mg sodium, and 250 mg phosphorus
      • Compare to the dietary ingredients in Phos-Nak
      • This is taken to prevent kidney stones; it acts as a uninary acidifier
      • It may be used as a mineral supplement to treat other conditions

    • GeriCare Phosphorus @ healthykin.com ($46.95; in stock) (08/21)

    • GeriCare Phosphorus @ lifeirl.com ($63.99; out of stock) (01/22)

  • Cypress Pharmaceutical PHOS-NaK
    • PHOS-NaK @ amazon.com (100 pkts; $35.16) (01/22)

    • PHOS-Nak @ theonlinedrugstore.com ($36.80) (01/22)

    • PHOS-Nak @ ebay.com ($49.20 when buying 2 or more) (01/22)

    • PHOS-Nak @ ebay.com ($36.99) (01/22)

  • Rugby Na K Phosphorus
    • Rugby Na K Phosphorus 100 packets @ ebay.com ($19.99) (01/22)
      • Seller has been on eBay since 2007
      • Based in the United States

• Vitamin B4 - Adenine
  • Adenine Powder @ amazon.com (2 oz; $44.99) (01/22)

• NaCl Eye Drops
  • Akorn NaCl Eye Drops, 5% solution @ theonlinedrugstore.com (0.5 fl oz; $8.25) (01/22)

  • CVS Hypertonicity Eye Drops, 5% solution (0.5 fl oz; $23.49; buy 1 get 1 50% off) (01/22)

  • Walgreens Eye Drops, 5% solution (0.5 fl oz; $19.99; buy 1 get 1 @ 50% off) (01/22)
    • Inactive Ingredients: Boric Acid, Hypromellose, Methylparaben, Propylene Glycol,
      Propylparaben, Purified Water, Sodium Borate, Sodium Hydroxide
      and/or Hydrochloric Acid may be added to adjust pH

• HMB Powder and Capsules
  • Bulk Supplements HMB Powder @ amazon.com (1.1 lbs; $29.96) (01/22)

  • Nutricost HMB capsules @ amazon.com (240 caps; 500 mg; $17.95) (01/22)

• L-Leucine
  • L-Leucine Powder @ amazon.com (500 gms (1.1 lbs); $23.96) (01/22)

• Aloe Vera
  • Meilssa's Aloe Leaves @ walmart.com (1 leaf; $1.98) (01/22)

Top of Page

Return to Index

Bonnie's Links
created by Bonnie Lee Hill,
bonniehill@verizon.net
last modified on July 8, 2025

URL: http://www.bonniehill.net/pages/covid.html